
                          Database Software
                               present

                             MINI OFFICE

                          * Word Processor
                          * Database
                          * Spreadsheet
                          * Graphics
                            
                            FOR ZX SPECTRUM 48K






Word Processor ....................... Page 3
Database ............................ Page 14
Spreadsheet ......................... Page 23
Graphics ............................ Page 31





(c) Database Software 1984



                           WORD PROCESSOR

A WORD processor is ideal for writing letters and reports instead of
using a typewriter or pen and paper. When you make a typing error or
change your mind the word processor enables you to edit the text with
ease. No longer will you need to use unsightly crossing out, rubbers
or Tippex - and find you need to start again because it's such a mess
after all the changes.
  To load and run the word processor simply type:
			LOAD "WORD"
and press Enter.
  When loading has been completed, the various options available are
displayed.
  An option is chosen by pressing the appropriate key as indicated.
Pressing Break (Caps Shift, Space) at any time will bring you back to
the display of options/

Getting Started
  Suppose you want to type a short letter to your friend about your
recent holiday. Begin by pressing key 1.
  In the middle of the screen you will see START and END displayed.
These mark the beginning and the end of the letter. However, since you
haven't written anything yet there is no text in between.
  At the top of the screen is displayed the time that has elapsed
since you started using the program, the number of words you have
entered so far, and the number of characters you can key in before the
computer's memory is full.
  Start typing your letter exactly as in this sample, mistakes and all:

			i have just had a supper
			holiday in blackpool.

  If you didn't manage to type that in successfully, press Break
followed by 0 and then in answer to the question "Are you sure?" press
Y. Then start again by pressing 1. If you still have difficulty, read
on.
  Now to start correcting the letter.
  By using the cursor control keys (Caps Shift with 5, 6, 7 and 8) the
flashing cursor can be made to move about the text to any position you
want. First correct the word blackpool to read Blackpool with a
capital B by moving the cursor onto the letter l after the b. Now
press Delete (Caps Shift 0) and the b is rubbed out. Now press B while
holding down the Caps Shift key and the word Blackpool should now be
correct. The first word i can be changed to I in a similar way. (Note
that upper and lower case letters and symbols are obtained in the
normal way with the Caps Shift, Caps Lock (Caps Shift 2) and Symbol
Shift keys.)
  Now correct supper to read super by moving the cursor onto the e and
pressing Delete (Caps Shift 0).
  All letters should start with Dear Eric, or something similar. To
insert this into the letter, move the cursor to the start of the first
line and type:

			Dear Eric,

followed by Enter.
  Similarly, a letter would end with Yours sincerely, Carol. So move
the cursor to the end of the last line and press Enter. If you want a
blank line before Yours sincerely press Enter again. Then type:

Your Sincerely,
(Enter Enter)
			Carol

  You should now have a complete and perfectly laid out short letter.
If you want to add to it, change it or put in more spaces or blank
lines, just move the cursor to the appropriate place and type what you
want to say.
  While you have been typing you may have noticed that the figures below
WORDS and FREE displayed at the top of the screen have changed. These
indicate how many words are contained in your letter and how much
space you have left if you wish to extend your letter.
  If you now press Break, the options that are available to you will be
displayed again. So far you have only been using the large letter
editing mode. Pressing 2 will now show your letter in normal sized
characters. You could have written your letter in this mode if you had
preferred.
  Having written your letter, you might like to save it for later - or
even to send it to Eric on tape. If you now press Break followed by 5
you will be asked to enter the file name. Make sure you have a tape
with nothing useful on it, and enter:

			letter1 (Enter)

and your letter to Eric is saved as a file called "letter1".
  If you wish to check that the file has been saved correctly, rewind
the tape, press 6 and enter the file name again to verify it.
  Suppose you now want to write the same letter to Chris. Press 2 so
that Eric's letter is shown. Then edit the letter by replacing the
word Eric with the word Chris. You have now written two letters that
are almost the same with the minimum of effort. The second letter can
now be saved in the same way, using a different file name.
  To start a completely new file, press Break, then 0 followed by Y.
Pressing 1 or 2 shows that there is no file there any more.
  To load Eric's letter back in, press Break then 7 followed by Y to the
first question. Then type:

			letter1 (Enter)

making sure the correct tape is ready. Pressing 1 or 2 will show that
Eric's letter is back.
  If you have a printer you might like to print the letter so that you
can post it to Eric. To do this press Break then 3.
  If you reply to all the questions like this:

			16 (Enter)
			8 (Enter)
			N
			N
			N
			(any key)

the letter should be printed out.
  A more detailed description of the various options and functions follows.


			Options

Break (Caps Shift, Space). This always terminates the present
operation to allow one of the following options to be selected.

1   This selects the editing mode with double size characters and
    16 characters per line.
2   This selects the editing mode with normal size characters and
    32 characters per line.
3   This selects the printer option. You have the choice of selecting
    the maximum number of characters per line (any number from five to
    32), as well as the width of the left margin in character widths
    and the size of the characters. The maximum number of characters
    per line depends on the character size and the margin chosen. If
    Paged mode is chosen, this causes the print out to be divided into
    pages containing the number of lines chosen with a gap between
    each page.
    Paged mode will also take into account the end of page markers.
    When one of these is encountered, the next line is printed on the
    next page. If paged mode is not selected, then page end markers
    are ignored and printing is continuous. The preview of text
    enables the printing format chosen to be viewed before actual
    printing, though it is always shown in normal size characters.
    If the preview is too fast to read, pressing any key will halt the
    display until a key is pressed again. The printing option has been
    designed to operate a Spectrum printer or equivalent.
4   This enables the Tab key (see "Editing Functions") to be set.
    There are four tab values, which must be chosen in ascending
    order. The maximum tab value is 32. If less than four tab values
    are required, give the last few the same value. The effect of the
    Tab key when in the editing mode is to move the cursor to the
    column position indicated by the next tab value, which it does by
    inserting spaces. The next tab value is the lowest tab value that
    is greater than or equal to the present cursor position. For
    example, suppose the tab values are 5, 10, 12 and 15, and the
    cursor is at present at the beginning of the line in Column 0. If
    the tab key is pressed at this stage, the effect would be the same
    as pressing Space five times, so moving the cursor to Column 5. If
    xyz is now typed, so that the cursor is now in Column 8, and the
    Tab key is again pressed, the next tab value is 10. So the effect
    is that Space has been pressed twice to move the cursor to Column
    10. If abc is now typed, taking the cursor to Column 13, and the
    Tab key is pressed again, since the cursor is beyond the third tab
    value this value is ignored and the fourth tab value of 15 is
    used. So effectively the cursor moves to Column 15 by the
    insertion of two spaces. Pressing the Tab key when the cursor is
    beyond the largest tab value has no effect. A tab value larger
    than the number of characters per line is also ignored.
5   This enables the text at present in memory to be saved. Simply
    enter the name of the file followed by Enter. The file name must
    follow the same rules as for program file names. Ensure that there
    is nothing on the tape you are going to use.
6   This enables text that has just been saved to be checked against
    the file still in memory. If they do not match, the report "tape
    error" occurs. (N.B. The file will not verify correctly after a
    return to an editing mode has been made since saving.)
7   This enables a file to be loaded from tape.  Simply press Y if
    you are sure you do not want the file at present in memory, and
    enter the file name followed by Enter. The file already in memory
    will be destroyed by loading in another file, so be sure this has
    been saved if you wish to keep it. If the message "The file loaded
    was not a text file" is displayed after loading it means that
    either the file has been corrupted or it wasn't a text file.
8   This displays the functions available in an editing mode.
9   This changes the normal Spectrum character set for an alternative
    set or vice-versa.
0   This simply erases the file in memory. Only press Y if you are
    sure you do not want the present file in memory.


		Editing functions

The following functions are obtained by pressing Caps Shift and the
key indicated. These only operate when in an editing mode.

1   The Copy key. It is used when using the copy function. See 4 below.
2   Caps Lock. This switches between capitals and lower case letters as
    normal.
3   This displays the typing speed in words per minute for the present
    text file. When a file is loaded or saved, this information is
    loaded or saved with it. This makes it possible for typing speeds
    to be correctly shown for a particular file, even though it may
    have been started and saved the previous day. Typing speed is
    calculated from the number of words in the file and the total time
    spent in an editing mode and not the time spent at the keyboard.
4   This enables a section of text to be copied to the cursor position.
    To use, first position the cursor at the destination point for the
    copied text. Then press Caps Shift 4. Next move the cursor to the
    start of the text to be copied and press the Copy key. The screen
    display will then revert to the situation that existed when Caps
    Shift 4 was pressed, except that the top line of the screen will
    show the line of text being copied. Each press of the Copy key
    copies another character. The left and right cursor keys move the
    line of text being copied, rather than the cursor. The up and down
    cursor keys are not used. The rest of the keys behave normally,
    inserting text at the cursor point. To exit this function press
    Caps Shift 4 again.
5   The cursor left key.
6   The cursor down key.
7   The cursor up key.
8   The cursor right key.
9   This inserts an end of page marker at the cursor point. These
    markers are used in the paged mode when printing,
0   The Delete key.
Symbol Shift The Tab key.


		Further advice and information

  It is always a good idea to save sections of long text at regular
intervals. By doing this, you can ensure most of the text has been
safely saved should you experience a power failure or similar mishap.
  The time display will lose time during tape and printer operations as
these halt the timer.
  When loading and verifying, file names must be specified. A null file
name will not load or verify.
  If you have a Spectrum+, the extra keys provided behave as follows:

True Video ..................................... Caps Shift 3
Inv Video ...................................... Caps Shift 4
Break ...................................... Caps Shift Space
Delete ......................................... Caps Shift 0
Graph .......................................... Caps Shift 9
Extended mode ....................... Caps Shift Symbol Shift
Edit ........................................... Caps Shift 1
Caps Lock ...................................... Caps Shift 2
Cursor Left .................................... Caps Shift 5
Cursor Right ................................... Caps Shift 8
Cursor Up ...................................... Caps Shift 7
Cursor Down .................................... Caps Shift 6



			DATABASE

A DATABASE is an ideal way of storing information such as names,
addresses, telephone numbers and ages. Each of these four pieces of
information is called a field. Together they make a record. So a
database is really like an electronic filing cabinet containing a lot
of individual records.
  You will find that your micro can manipulate information in the
database very easily and very quickly. In no time at all it can search
for one particular item and display it for you on the screen. It can
also carry out a multiple sort and provide you - in the following
example for instance - with a list of all the people in your file who
live in Liverpool and whose ages range from 15 to 25.
  There are two types of field - numeric and string. The former is used
for numbers (such as ages). String fields are used for words. But it
should be noted that entries such as telephone numbers are also
regarded as strings because they may include characters like spaces
and hyphens. The main difference between the two becomes apparent when
they are sorted. When treated as a number, 2 comes before 11. But when
it is a string, 11 comes before 2 - just as aa comes before b in a
telephone directory.
  To load and run the database program simply type:

			LOAD "DBASE"

and press Enter.
  When loading has been completed, the various options are displayed.
  Choose the one you want by pressing the appropriate key as indicated.


			Getting started

To set up a file of records we must tell the computer what type of
information we wish to keep in each record. As an example we shall set
up a file of records to hold the names and addresses of a group of
friends. A typical record would be:

SURNAME:        JONES
FIRST NAME:     SIMON
ADDRESS1:       6 BROAD LANE
ADDRESS2:       LIVERPOOL
TELEPHONE:      051-633 8000
AGE:            42

  Each line of information in the record is known as a field, so this
record has six fields, with the address being split over two fields.
  Selecting Option B from the menu will allow you to start setting up
the file. The first piece of information that you will need to tell
the computer is the number of fields you need for each record. We have
decided to have six fields, so in answer to the question: "How many
fields per record?" key in 6 and press Enter.
  The next step is to give a name to each of the fields so that from now
on we will be able to refer to them by name rather than number. The
computer will also need to know whether to treat the information
stored in each field as a number or as a string, as well as the
maximum number of characters to expect for each field.
  For the field title enter SURNAME. The computer will then ask for the
field type to be entered. Since this field will contain only
alphabetic characters and we will not want to perform arithmetic
operations on them, enter S for string. Finally we need to tell the
computer the maximum number of characters to expect for the field. The
maximum allowed for any field is 21, so we will enter 21.
  Now repeat this for fields 2 to 4, using this table as a guide:

Field No.  Title	Type	Length
1	SURNAME:	String	21
2	FIRST NAME:	String	20
3	ADDRESS1:	String	21
4	ADDRESS2:	String	20

In field 5 we are going to store the telephone numbers. But although
this information is numeric we are going to tell the computer to treat
it as a string. If we were to use a numeric field then telephone
numbers starting with a zero would lose the leading zero.

5	TEL:		String	15
6	AGE:		Numeric	3

After entering the details for field 6 you will find the screen
displays a summary of all the fields. You are then given the
opportunity to make changes to any of the details entered. As an
example we shall change the title of field 5 to TELEPHONE. Answer N to
the question: "Is this correct?" and then enter 5. Row 5 of the field
summary should now change colour. All you need do is to retype the
information for this field and enter TELEPHONE instead of TEL. for the
title. Once you are satisfied with the field definitions press Y and
you will be returned to the menu.


Adding records (Option C)

Now that we have set up a file we can start to add records to the
database. The number of the record being entered is always displayed
at the top of the screen. The title of the field for which the
computer is expecting an input is printed on the left. So the first
field title to be displayed for our file will be SURNAME. To enter the
first record type:

SURNAME:        JONES
FIRST NAME:     SIMON
ADDRESS1:       6 BROAD LANE
ADDRESS2:       LIVERPOOL
TELEPHONE:      051-633 8000
AGE:            42

When you have finished entering the record a list of possible options
will appear at the bottom of the screen.
  If you wish to modify the record press A. Each field is then displayed
in turn, along with the prompt: "Is this correct?". If you wish to
change your entry for the field then press N and key in the new
information. Pressing Y will allow you to go on to the next field. If
you want to add another record press N. Otherwise press M to return to
the menu.


Loading a file (Option A)

A demonstration file has been provided with the program. This will
give you an opportunity to experiment with the features outlined below
without having to enter your own set of records.
  Select the load option by pressing A. Loading a new file will erase
any records already stored. As a precaution, if a file has already
been set up, the computer will ask if you are certain you want to load
a new file. Now enter the filename of the file you want to load. You
must use a filename, not just press Enter. The demonstration file is
called DFILE. You must ensure that the tape is in the correct
position. (The file follows the Database program.)
  Once the file has been loaded you can perform various operations on
the records by selecting the appropriate option from the menu.


List records (Option F)

This option allows you to examine the records that have already been
entered. After selecting this option you will be asked if you want to
print out the records. If you do, press B. If not, press A. You must
now tell the computer which records you wish to see. For example, if
you would like to look at records 3, 4, 5 and 6 you should enter 3
(Enter), followed by 6 (Enter). The first record you requested will
then be displayed, and at the bottom of the screen you will see a list
of the possible options available to you.
  Pressing N will allow you to move to the next record. If you wish to
delete the record displayed on the screen press D. Pressing A will
allow you to alter the record. This operates in the same way as if you
had selected Option E from the main menu or when adding records
(Option C) and has already been described. To return to the menu press M.


Field search (Option G)

This option allows you to find any record quickly without having to go
through each record in turn. After selecting the option, you must
state which field you wish to search through. The options available
then depend on whether the field is a string or numeric one.
  If you have selected a string field you can choose to search for a
specific string or for part of a string. The difference is that if,
for example, you search for "row" as a specific string, the word
"rows" would not be found. But it would have been had you asked for a
part string search.
  For a numeric field, you have four options:
A. Search for a specific value X (i.e., the number you entered).
B. Search for values >X (i.e., any numbers greater than the one you entered).
C. Search for values <X (i.e., any numbers less than the one you entered).
D. Search for a<X<b (i.e., a number between two limits that you enter).


Replace field (Option H)

This powerful option allows you to replace any information stored in a
field without having to go through all the records making the
amendments yourself. You can replace a number, string or part string.
The method of operation is similar to the field search already
described, except that the fields are replaced by your new entry,
rather than just displayed.


Multi-field sort (Option I)

You can sort your records into numerical or alphabetical order with
this option. It is usual - and quickest - to Sort on just one field
(such as names), but if you want to take account of other factors you
can select other fields. For example, Smith (age 24) could be listed
before Smith (age 28).
  You must select at least one field for the sort. Pressing Enter or
entering zero for sort fields 2 to 4 will terminate the field
selection. You will then be asked if you wish to sort into ascending
or descending order. Press A or B and the computer will sort your
records. When all the records have been sorted, you may examine them
in their new order using Option F.


Field summary (Option D)

This option lists the titles of the fields, their length and type.


Save current file (Option J)

This option allows you to save all the records that you have entered.
You should use it frequently so that the chance of losing your work,
such as in the event of a power failure or similar mishap, is
minimised.
  After saving. you are given the opportunity to verify your file. If
you answer Y, rewind your tape and enter the filename.


End program (Option K)

This option terminates the program. If you have a file in memory you
will be asked: "Do you wish to SAVE the data file?" If you answer Y
you will be asked to input your file name and the file will be saved.
If you answer N your file will be lost.



			SPREADSHEET

A SPREADSHEET consists of rows and columns of "boxes" in which you can
place numbers, labels or mathematical formulae. Used for home finance,
for instance, it is an ideal and easy to use means of keeping tabs on
your income and expenditure. Setting up a spreadsheet is quite simple
but can be time consuming. However, once it has been prepared to your
own specifications, it can be amended quickly and effortlessly.
  To illustrate how it is created these instructions show you how to set
up an imaginary household budget spreadsheet. You should then have no
trouble devising your own for any application you may think of.
  To load and run the spreadsheet program simply type:

			LOAD "SPREAD"

and press Enter.
  When the program has loaded you are asked the question:
"Create file?" Answer Y.
  Next select 14 columns and 14 rows. When asked if you require
continuous updating answer N. The reason for this is that each update
takes a short time, and when you are initially setting up the
spreadsheet it is best to avoid this delay.
  The spreadsheet should now be on the screen. You will find a list of
the keys and their uses at the end of this section. You will note that
letters have been chosen logically and this will help you to memorise
them.
  The first thing to do is to enter a label in the top left hand corner.
This is done by pressing T and then typing MONEY, and then Enter. It
will be assumed that you will remember to press Enter after all future
entries, so it will not keep appearing in this text.
  Now you need column headings. Ensure that the cursor is under column
B, press C and enter JANUARY. Move the cursor right and repeat the
process for the other months. The final column - N - should be given
the heading TOTAL.
  The row labels are entered in a similar way. You must use R to label
rows. Set up rows like this:

ROW 2:  Label MORTGAGE
ROW 3:  Label FOOD
ROW 4:  Label FUEL
ROW 5:  Label LEISURE
ROW 6.  Label OTHER
ROW 7:  Label TOT OUT
ROW 8:  Label EARNINGS
ROW 9:  Label B.FWD
ROW 10: Label TOT IN
ROW 11: Label TOT OUT
ROW 12: Label BALANCE
ROW 13: Label SAVE
ROW 14: Label C.FWD

Now press H to move the cursor to its home position - that is, to
display the top left hand corner of the spreadsheet. You can now enter
some formulae.
  Box B7 will contain the sum of all the boxes above it. The formula for
this is:

		B7=B2+B3+B4+B5+B6

To enter this, move the cursor to box B7, press F nd type the rest of
the formula after the "B7=" that will appear on the screen. Press
Enter and after a short delay, the formula will be accepted.
  Similar formulae are required along the rest of row 7. This is
achieved by pressing D with the cursor still on B7. Then move the
cursor right to C7 and press Z. You should see that the formula for C7
is now set. Repeat this procedure for the other columns. This means
keep pressing D, cursor right and Z in that order.
  You can check what functions you have entered at any time by pressing
L. If there are too many to list on the screen, press Enter to list
any remaining formulae, or to return to the spreadsheet.
  Enter the row formulae in a similar way. Move the cursor to box N2,
and use F to enter the formula:

	N2=B2+C2+D2+E2+F2+G2+H2+I2+J2+K2+L2+M2

Use the copy facility again to enter similar formulae in boxes N3, N4,
N5, and N6.
  Now row 9 needs the formulae inserting. The formulae required are
C9=B14, D9=C14, etc. These are entered using F with the cursor at the
appropriate box. The boxes on row 10 are the sum of the boxes on rows
8 and 9. Use F to Set up B10 and the copy facility to copy the formula
to the other boxes, (B10=B8+B9, C1O=C8+C9, etc).
  Row 11 is the same as row 7, so the copy facility can be used to enter
formulae such as B11=B7 along the row. Row 12 is row 10 - row 11 and
is set up in exactly the same way.
  Enter the formulae for total earnings in box N8. That is:

	N8=B8+C8+D8+E8+F8+G8+H8+I8+J8+K8+L8+M8

We will assume that 75 per cent of the money remaining is saved and
the rest is carried forward to the next month. This leaves two more
rows of formulae to set. Set up box B13 with this formula:

	B13=B12*0.75

and copy it to the rest of the row. Row 14 will be row 12 - row 13,
and is set up as before. If you wish, you can enter formulae for other
boxes, such as earnings (for example, C8=B8, etc.) or allow for
inflation (such as C5=B5*1.01).
  You are now ready to start entering numbers, but it is a good idea to
save your work first. Do this by pressing S and answering the
questions as they appear. To enter numbers, move the cursor to the
relevant box, and type the number. At the start, you answered NO to
the question: "Continuous updating?". This saves time if you have a
lot of entering to do. Any time you wish to update the spreadsheet,
just press U.
  On the tape (after the graphics program), you will find a sample file
called MONEY for you to load. It was set up following these
instructions. Load it by first loading the program, or press Q if it
is already loaded. Answer N to the "Create file?" question, MONEY to
the old file name.
  Although you have now set up a spreadsheet, there are still some
function keys that you have not yet tried. You have already used L to
display all the formulae on the Spreadsheet. If you only want to see a
particular one, move the cursor to that box and press E. If you want
to completely clear a formula, press W (again with the cursor on the
box). If you wrongly enter a number, pressing O will return the
previous number.
  Z and Q are used when you wish to enter a new file. The first only
clears the numbers, but leaves labels and formulae intact, while the
latter allows you to start a new spreadsheet without reloading the
program.
  The print option - P - allows you to print out the spreadsheet.
  As with many user-defined spreadsheets you may need to update several
times to ensure that the correct values are in each box.
  This is not a bug but an effect created by the method of updating
being row by row from the top to the bottom of the spreadsheet in that
order. In certain circumstances, for example where formulae like B2=B4
and B4=B3 are entered, the updating of B2 (to equal B4) will take
place first. B4 will then be updated to equal B3 but as B2 has already
been updated the result will be that B2 does not equal B4! A further
update will correct. To check that all required updates have been made
keep an eye on the box at the extreme bottom right of your
spreadsheet. This is usually, but not always, the last box to change
(although it is always the last to be updated).



What the function keys do

C Insert new column label,
D Duplicate (copy) a function (use in
  conjunction with Z - see instructions).
E Examine (display) the formula in the box
  indicated by the cursor.
F Enter new formula.
G Load the graphics program.
K Send cursor home.
L List all formulae on the spreadsheet.
O Return old (last) number.
P Obtain a printout.
Q Quit current file and restart.
R Insert new row label.
S Save the file.
T Insert new title (corner) label.
U Update (if you are not continuously updating).
W Wipe (clear) a formula from a box.
Z Zero (clear) all values from the spreadsheet.



		THE GRAPHICS PROGRAM

THE GRAPHICS program requires you first to set up a file using the
spreadsheet. So that you can try out the graphics, a file called MONEY
has been included after the graphics program on tape.
  To load the graphics program type:

			LOAD "GRAPH"

and press Enter. When it has loaded and you are asked for the old file
name, enter: MONEY.
  Once this file has loaded you will be asked for the row that you
require. If you cannot remember the number, press RETURN to see a
list. To try out the program, enter 4 and press Enter. Then answer Y
to any columns that you want to appear in your graph, and N to any
that you don't. In this case, answer Y to the 12 months, and N to the
total.
  The menu will then appear on the screen. Pressing 1, 2, 3 or 4 will
give the display of your choice. When you have seen it, press 8 to
print it out, or any other key to return to the menu.
  If you wish to draw graphs from a different area of the spreadsheet,
use 5, and if you want to load a new file use 6. Use 7 to load the
spreadsheet program, but note that to do this the tape will have to be
rewound.


Database Software
